WPC̬ JFō?%f=RdAhbxJFⲷظB"7+ 02"}7Vn1KǠloyźtAi Wƚ,[j jt gfIl:%Ģ怡% ʴ5^9g3f>UixP|Y0 AHt_sy_nrcά[03iH;ɟWmV?a`Äp]./'rd)|Ake|3}O2[&ĨkDOWofHo:FoZ*) rA7۝DbouU>f 0nb 0 < 0p B| 0DC t U!JP 0"8"Z-|^`"Su\w"6$&(*, V.c0;2U>5679;=Se?B`EHIKOZQ/S;U>WYH[N]>!__cFh[k(m"no qyr[v1x Pz]|2~")1" DK ڏ"rx"Mo6" / "ܣ" D+ A$@ ťoϥ\t"Mo 0H B-J B+w 0G#LULN %[Ma(eN^ w4 m\  `&Times New Roman'  0Arts And Humanities00Arts And Humanities .   <:Default ParaXXX<:Footnote Ref< :Body Text In X  X  d($     j is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1   X    1  i  4hX1BarbaraWelter, !u4A4 !uTheCultofTrueWomanhood:18201860. !u4@4 !uԀAmericanQuarterly,18(1966)151174; `  reprintedinMaryBethNortonandRuthM.Alexander,ed.,MajorProblemsinAmericanWomen !u4=4 !usHistory,2nded., !  (Lexington,Mass.:D.C.HeathandCompany,1996),115122.X1X4 J ԳkIA`2WP TypographicSymbols    )..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1      (2$ is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1             ##Xd# T is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1   X    2  i  4hX1ReadexMicrofilmCollection,GuideandIndextoWomen !u4=4 !usDiaries,SegmentI:NewEngland(New `  Canaan,Conn.:ReadexMicroprintCorporation,1984),2930.X1X4 !   is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1   X    3  i  4hX1LouisaAdamsPark,Diary,11901;21301through22101;additionalreferencesthroughoutthetext.X1X4( `   is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1   X    4  i  4hX1BernardA.Weisberger,AmericaAfire:Jefferson,Adams,andtheRevolutionaryElectionof1800(New  York:WilliamMorrow,2000)188190.X1X47o V is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    5  i  4hX1LouisaAdamsPark,toJohnPark,January26,1800.ThequotationisfromtheColumbianCentineland  MassachusettsFederalist,January25,1800.X1X47o       is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    6  i  4hX1Weisberger,AmericaAfire,X1X4Ԁ4XX1131.X1X4x R is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    7  i  4hX1ColumbianCentinelandMassachusettsFederalist,Sunday,February1,1800.(NewCanaan,Conn.:  Readex)EarlyAmericanNewspapers,Reel3/10.X1X47o  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    8  i  4hX1ColumbianCentinel,Saturday,January11,1800,LettertotheEditor,signed !u4A4 !uAmatorVeritatis. !u4@4 !uԀX1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    9  i  4hX1ColumbianCentinel,January26,1800;December20,1800;January4,1801;January19,1801.X1X4x , is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    10  i  4hX1ColumbianCentinel,Wednesday,March12,1800andSaturday,March22,1800.Emphasesarefromthe  original.X1X47o  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    11  i  4hX1Park,toJohnPark,May21,1800.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    12  i  4hX1ColumbianCentinel,Saturday,January3,1801;LouisaPark,Diary,January4,1801.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    13  i  4hX1Weisberger,AmericaAfire,200209.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    14  i  4hX1Park,Diary,December20,1800.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    15  i  4hX1Park,Diary,December26,1800;ColumbianCentinel,Wednesday,December3,1800.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    16  i  4hX1Weisberger,AmericaAfire,6677.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    17  i  4hX1ColumbianCentinel,Wednesday,February6,1800X1X4.4XX1!X 4ԀTheSenatewaskeytonewEngland !u !X=!X  !uslegislative  strength;itssmallstatescouldn !u !X=!X  !utoutvotethepopulousSouthandexpandingWestintheHouseofRepresentatives.!X  X !XX1X X!X ^\  `&Goudy Old Style  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    18  i  4hX1ColumbianCentinel,Wednesday,January21,1801.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    19  i  4hX1Park,Diary,December27,1800;January10,1801.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    20  i  4hX1Weisberger,AmericaAfire,230231.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    21  i  4hX1Weisberger,AmericaAfire,275.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    22  i  4hX1Park,Diary,January17,1801.X1X4x I is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    23  i  4hX1ColumbianCentinel,January8,1800.Aweekandahalflater,onthedaythenewsofBonaparte !u4=4 !usarrival  inPariswasreported,coverageofmemorialparadesandservicesinsmalltownstookupallofthefrontpageofthe q paper.TheCentinelbrokethenewsfromFranceonthemiddleofthesecondpage.X1X4H0  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    24  i  4hX1RobertE.Cray,Jr., !u4A4 !uMajorJohnAndrandtheThreeCaptors:ClassdynamicsandRevolutionary  MemoryWarsintheEarlyRepublic,17801831, !u4@4 !uԀJournaloftheEarlyRepublic17(3)1997,377379.X1X49q V is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    25  i  4hX1Cray, !u4A4 !uMajorAndrandtheThreeCaptors !u4@4 !u,374375.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    26  i  4hX1ColumbianCentinel,January21,1801.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    27  i  4hX1Park,Diary,November30,1800.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    28  i  4hX1SpecifictitlesinherdiaryincludePleasuresoftheImagination,byMarkAkenside;Seasons,byJames  Thompson;NatureandArt,byElizabethInchbald;CarolineofLichtfield:anovel,byIsabelledeMontolieu;A o comparativeviewofthestateandfacultiesofmanwiththoseoftheanimalworld,byJohnGregory;Sermonsonthe .~ ChristianDoctrineasRecievedbythedifferentdenominationsofChristians,byRichardPrice.X1X4=  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    29  i  4hX1Park,Diary,May15,1801.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    30  i  4hX1Park,Diary,January14,1801.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    31  i  4hX1Park,Diary,January4,1801.X1X4x 1 is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    32  i  4hX1Mrs.Inchbald,NatureandArt(London:G.G.andJ.Robinson,1796;reprint,NewYork:Woodstock  Books,1994)40.X1X47o  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    33  i  4hX1Park,Diary,January8,1801.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    34  i  4hX1Park,toJohnPark,January5,1800;Diary,January25,1801.X1X4x > is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    35  i  4hX1CathyN.Davidson,RevolutionandtheWord:TheRiseoftheNovelinAmerica(NewYork:Oxford  UniversityPress,1986)1116.X1X47o  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    36  i  4hX1Park,Diary,March23,1801.X1X4x 4 is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    37  i  4hX1Park,toJohnPark,February16,1800, !u4A4 !uHowmuchareweindebtedtovirtuefortheenjoymentofour  lives. !u4@4 !uԀandDiary,January7,1801, !u4A4 !uIlovefreedomofactionaswellasthought. !u4@ X X !uX1X X XԀ4XX1Louisamayhavebeenrereading q familiarmaterialwhensherentedthesermonsfromthelibraryinMay1801.X1X4oW  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    38  i  4hX1StuartAndrews, !u4A>4 !uInsectsoftheHour: !u4=4 !uԀDr.Price !u4=4 !us !u4>4 !uRevolutions !u4=4 !u, !u4@4 !uԀHistoryTodayMay1991,49;Gregory  I.Molivas, !u4A4 !uRichardPrice,theDebateonFreeWill,andNaturalRights, !u4@4 !uԀJournaloftheHistoryofIdeas1997,105 q 106.X1X4J2 < is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    39  i  4hX1RichardPrice,SermonsontheChristianDoctrineasReceivedbytheDenominationsofChristians.To  whichareadded,SermonsontheSecurityandHappinessofaVirtuousCourse,ontheGoodnessofGod,andthe o ResurrectionofLazarus.London,1787,TheEighteenthCentury(Woodbridge,Conn.:ResearchPublications,Inc., .~ 1985)98101.X1X4=  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    40  i  4hX1Park,Diary,May1801.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    41  i  4hX1Park,Diary,May24,1801.X1X4x       is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    42  i  4hX1Park,Diary,introductionwrittenbyJohnPark,July1848.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    43  i  4hX1Park,Diary,December27,1800.X1X4x o is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    44  i  4hX1LisaNorling, !u4A4 !uHowFroughtwithSorrowandHeartpangs !u4@4 !u:Mariners !u4=4 !uԀWivesandtheIdeologyof  DomesticityinNewEngland,17901880, !u4@4 !uԀNewEnglandQuarterly65(September1992)437439.X1X49q  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    45  i  4hX1Park,Diary,November27,1800.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    46  i  4hX1GuideandIndextoWomen !u4=4 !usDiaries,2930.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    47  i  4hX1Park,Diary,December11,1800;December5,1800;December6,1800;December25,1800.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    48  i  4hX1Park,Diary,January13,1801.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    49  i  4hX1Park,Diary,January19,1801.X1X4x       is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    50  i  4hX1Park,Diary,December10,1800;December13,1800;December15,16,and17,1800.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    51  i  4hX1Park,Diary,December291800January3,1801.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    52  i  4hX1Park,toJohnPark,May21,1800.X1X4x       is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    53  i  4hX1Park,Diary,December28,1800;February9,1801;February10,1801.X1X4x : is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    54  i  4hX1Emeticsaredrugswhichcausevomiting.AlongwithLaudanum,emeticswerethemedicationsmost  oftenmentionedinthediary.X1X4Ԁ7o  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    55  i  4hX1Park,toJohnPark,January5,1800.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    56  i  4hX1Park,toJohnPark,May21,1800.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    57  i  4hX1Park,Diary,December27,1800;February2,1801.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    58  i  4hX1Park,Diary,December27,1800.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    59  i  4hX1Park,toJohnPark,June6,1800;Diary,December9,1800.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    60  i  4hX1Park,toJohnPark,April25,1800;JohnPark,Diaryepilogue,1848.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    61  i  4hX1Park,Diary,December24,1800.X1X4x       is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    62  i  4hX1Park,Diary,December30,1800;May16,1801.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    63  i  4hX1Park,Diary,April911,1801.X1X4x       is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    64  i  4hX1LouisaPark,Diary,May2,1801.TheentiredescriptionofWarren !u4=4 !usillness,death,andburialwas  includedinoneday !u4=4 !usentry.X1X49q  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    65  i  4hX1LouisaPark,Diary,May2,1801.X1X4x       is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    66  i  4hX1Park,Diary,May2,1801;May8,1801.X1X4x  is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB  X    67  i  4hX1Park,Diary,May3,1801.X1X4x            )..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB'dxd]&Draw Object <<=8C HKKKK` WPCiK513%)+-51d- b  )..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB       )..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  B.` hp x (#XB(2zd$ is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  1XXX1  0  )Hairline d'Single1  d#|x(rs$..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1\\ARTS_AND_HUMANITIES\hist_west,,,,0(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularkX, T*ing 5!U is!..      kX1XXkXX1XXkX1  _  X     ` LouisaAdamsParklivedininterestingtimes.In1800theUnitedStatesofAmericawas `  asmallcountrystrugglingtoestablishitselfontheworldstageandtryingtoremainneutralin ,  thewarbetweenEnglandandFrance.Thenationwasconductingitsfirsttwopartypresidential   campaignandseriouslytestingtheconstitutionalprovisionsforelectingthepresidentandvice d president.NewEngland,whereLouisalived,wastryingtomaintainitspoliticalimportance 0 underthenewConstitutionanditscommunitieswereadaptingtothenewsocietyandthe \  changingeconomy.Louisalivedinthemidstofthischangeasawifeandmother,sisterand (  daughter,andoften,whethershelikeditornot,asanindependentwoman.    l<` Louisa=sdiaryopensdoorstothetransitionsoccurringinAmericansocietyinthefirst ` daysofthenineteenthcenturyevenasittellstheintimatestoryofherlife.Herconcerns , reflectedAmerica=sconcernsaboutthenatureofDemocracyandquestionsaboutwhoshould X lead;sheechoedfearsthatsocietywasdiscardingthetraditionsthatsafeguardeditsstability.At $ thesametime,herdedicationtotheidealofanemotionallyfulfillingmarriagereflected  society=schangingexpectationsformarriage,andherrelationshipswiththewomeninher  \ familyandhercommunitywerecharacteristicofthedevelopingideaofthewoman=ssphere. "( Louisa=sactivitiesandattitudesforeshadowedtheAtruewomanhood@     1     i  thatlaterinthecentury T$ wouldmakethemiddleclassNewEnglandhousewifethemodelforallAmericanwomen.Her  &   storyisnotextraordinary,butitisfascinating. '"   LouisaAdamswasbornin1773inActon,Massachusetts,whereherfatherwasa `   Congregationalistminister.Shehadfiveyoungerbrothersandsisters.     2     g i  Littleelseisknown ,  aboutherlifeuntiltheyear1800whenshewasmarriedtoJohnParkandexpectingtheirfirst   child.HerhusbandwasaphysicianintheUnitedStatesNavy.Shewroteletterstohimfrom d JanuarythroughJuneof1800,whilehewasonhisfirstNavycruise.Duringhissecondcruise, 0 fromNovember1800toJuly1801,shekept,athisrequest,adiarywhichsheplannedtogiveto \  himwhenhereturnedfromsea.Inthediaryandletterssheconfidedherfearsaboutchildbirth, (  herfrustrationswithherextendedfamily,herlonelinessforherhusband,andhergriefatthe   deathoftheirson,Warren,shortlyafterhisfirstbirthday.Shealsodiscussedthepoliticsofthe ` day,herreading,happeningsinlocalchurches,andnewsoftheirfriends. , Throughoutherlettersandherdiary,Louisaexpressedherlonelinessandherconcernfor X herhusband=ssafety.Sheanxiouslywaitedforhislettersandwatchedthenewspaperfor $ mentionsofhisship,theU.S.S.Warren.     3     i  Duringthewintersof1800and1801,theU.S.  Navy=ssmallfleetwasintheCaribbeanfightinganintentional,butundeclared,navalwarwith  \ France. "( TheUnitedStateswasinadifficultpositionintheFrancoBritishWar.Americaneeded T$ incomefromtradewithFranceandwithEngland.Analliancewitheithernationwouldmake  &  tradewiththeotherimpossible.Furthermore,ifAmericaallieditselfwitheitherofthosetwo '" #  #       `  81XXdXXd8   superpowers,itriskedbeingAprotected@intoasatellitestatusifitsallywon,andcrushing  restrictionsoftradeifitsallylost.GeorgeWashingtonhadchosenin1793toremainneutral. | FrancerespondedbyissuingLettersofMarque,essentiallylicensesforpiracy,thatallowed H privateFrenchships,calledprivateers,tocaptureAmericanmerchantshipsandsellanycargo  d consideredcontraband.In1798,duringJohnAdams=presidency,theUnitedStatesNavyand  0 MarineCorpswerecreatedandthefirstfleetsenttotheCaribbeanwhereFrenchpredationon    Americanshippingwasmostintense.     4     Ni   x  LouisareportednewsofFranceinherletterstoherhusband.OnJanuary,26,1800she D  wrote: `  X XB.` hp x (#XBBenRussell,inyesterday=sCentinelsaysATiscertaintherehasbeenanentire , RevolutioninFranceBthattheCouncilofFiveHundredareentirelysilencedBthat  BonaparteisattheheadofeverythingBthatinEurope,PeaceisexpectedthisWinterBand  thatthenewgovernmentinFranceisfavorablebothtoPeaceandAmerica.@Ifallthis  beso,mayInotexpecttoseeyouintheSpring?Iknownotwhethertowishforitor t not.     5     i   Z  X XE.` hp x (#X(#E @  XLouisawasnottheonlyAmericanwhodidnotknowwhetherornottowishforpeace.  \ DiplomaticrelationswithFrancehadbeendifficultforyears.EarlyAmericanenthusiasmfor ( theFrenchRevolutionhadchilledfollowingtheexecutionofLouisXVIandtheReignofTerror  in1793and1794.FrancestillhadsupportersintheUnitedStates,buttomanyAmericans, p!   particularlyNewEnglanders,theFrenchRevolutionmeantatheism,violence,mobrule,and <#"     disrespectfororderandtradition.     6     i  TheUnitedStateshadnostandingarmybecauseoffearsthat   aprofessionalmilitarywouldimpingeonthefreedomofthepeople,sothenewsthatBonaparte, | averysuccessfulandpopulargeneral,hadtakenpowerleftmanyAmericanswonderingifhe H wouldestablishademocraticgovernmentorinstallhimselfasdictator.Wouldhebelikethe  d belovedGeneralWashington,orwouldhebeanotherCromwell?  ^   7      ins  󀀀  0  XThenewgovernmentinFrancecreatednewquestionsaboutwhetherpeacecouldbe    negotiatedwithoutrisktoAmericansovereignty.MaritimeNewEnglandwaslosingshipsand x  moneytoprivateersanditdidnottrusttheFrenchtotreathonorablywithAmericanenvoysorto D  stayoutofAmericandomesticpolitics.InBoston,thenewspaperColumbianCentineland ` MassachusettsFederalist,warnedofFrenchmenclaimingthatFrancewouldtakeoverthe , world.TheeditorialistwarnedthattheywereAdemocratsinsentimentanddisorganizersin  conduct@.     8     #ins  󀀀 t LouisaseemstohavebeenaregularreaderoftheCentinel.Shementioneditbyname @ onlyonce,inalettertoJohn,butinseveralotherinstances,herreferencestoAthepaper@can  \ betracedtotheCentinel.OnDecember20,1800,shecommentedinherdiaryonthe ( presidentialelectionandtheFrenchtreaty,bothofwhichwerecoveredbythepaperthesame  day.HerjudgementofJefferson=selection,ABadnews,@wastheheadlinefortheelection p!  story.SimilarconnectionscanbefoundtonewsreportsofNavalengagements.  -   9     'ins  Herantipathy <#" forboththeFrenchandtheDemocraticRepublicansmayhavecomefromanumberofsources,  includingherfather,herhusband,oralivelypoliticalclimateinthetownswhereshelivedand | visited.Whatevertheirsource,theywereencouragedbythepartisannewspaper. H PeacewithFrancedidnotcomequickly.IttookmonthsfortheenvoystoreachParis,  d monthstonegotiate,andthenmonthstotravelhome.Inthemeantime,Frenchprivateerssailing  0 outoftheislandsofGuadalupeandPuertoRicocontinuedtoseizeAmericanmerchantships.    TheANavyNews@andAMaritimeIntelligence@columnsintheCentineltrackedtheprogress x  ofthewarintheCaribbean.EditorBenjaminRusselllostnoopportunitytotakeajabat D  France=ssupporters,ortopraisethetinyU.S.Navy.InMarch,forinstance,hewrote,AThe ` Fanny,ofPortsmouth,wasFebruary12plunderedbyaFrenchprivateerfromPortoRico.Do , thekindapologistsforFrenchmeneverreadtheseparagraphs?@Then,laterthatmonth,  Russellwrote:ThepropertyofthecitizensoftheUnited>States,whichcrossedtheOceanin t 1799isEstimatedasONEHUNDREDANDEIGHTYMILLIONSofDollars.Itisnoterring, @ tosay,ourNavyhaspreventedonequarterofthisimmensesumfallingintothehandsofthe  \ French,andotherfreebooters.BNowondertheDemocratsandJacobinsarewishingthe ( annihilationofourarmedvessels!Nowondertheycurseourhonesttarsandberateourintrepid  commanders!TheCauseisthusdeveloped.     10     /ins   p!   X XE.` hp x (#X(#E=J XE.` hp x (#X(#E=JStillLouisahopedforpeace.ShewrotetoJohn,ADon=ttellmeofstayingoutayear.Peace d$# withFrancewillbringyouhomebeforeAugust,withoutadoubt.@     11     ?1ins   0&!%  XAtreatywithFrancewouldbringJohnhome,butthetreatythatfinallyarrivedwasnot  favoredbytheUnitedStatesgovernment.TheAdamsadministrationobjectedtoclauses | regardingreparationsforprivateshipstakeninthewar.Thesalebyprivateersofcaptured H AmericanshipscouldcontinueuntiltheratifiedtreatywasreturnedtoParis,withpotentially  d hugefinanciallossestoNewEngland=sshippinginterests.Furthermore,theUnitedStatesdid  0 nothaveenoughmoneytoreimburseFranceforshipstakenbyAmericanforces,andmany    believedthatthetreatywassimplyunenforceable.Shippingwasimportanttotheeconomyof x  thecoastalstates,andboththecostoflostAmericanshipsandthecostofreplacingFrenchships D  wereseriousmatters.NewEngland,especially,didnotthinktheTreatyof1800protected ` properlyAmericanshippinginterests.Louisa=sloyaltytoNewEnglandandtheFederalistparty , wasinconflictwithherdesireforthepeacethatwouldbringJohnhome.Whenshereadthatthe  Senatehadrejectedthetreaty,shewroteinherdiarysimply,AOh,myhusband!@     12     -7ins   t ThenewspapercoverageofthesituationinFrancewasanintegralpartofthecoverageof @ thepresidentialelectionof1800.Thenation=sfirsttwopoliticalpartieswereusingthe  \ newspaperstoswaypublicopinion.TheFederalistparty,lookingtotraditionalinstitutionsto ( provideleadershipandstability,notedThomasJefferson=ssupportfortheFrenchandaccused  theRepublicansofbeingAJacobins,@referringtotheleadersoftheReignofTerror. p!  Wheneverpossible,Francewasusedasanexampleofthedangersoftoomuchliberty.The <#" RepublicanpapersaccusedPresidentJohnAdamsoftryingtoestablishanhereditary %X $ monarchy.  7   13     :ins  LouisareadtheCentinelandsupportedAdams.ShereadthatJeffersonandthe &$"& RepublicanswereproFranceandshethoughtthemdangerous.Whenshebeganherdiaryinthe  winterof1800,herworriesaboutdomesticandinternationalpoliticscombined: |  X XE.` hp x (#X(#E20th.Saturday.BadnewsBthepaperssayJeffersonandBurrwillhavethevotes.The H FrenchTreatyappearstoday.Isupposenowthefirstthingwillbetoannihilateit.     14     =ins   . ~ =J X XE.` hp x (#X(#E=JLouisadislikedThomasJeffersonintenselyandthiswasfedbytheeditorialrhetoricof <  thenewspaper.SheaccusedJeffersonofplanningaAFrenchGovernmentBatleastalicentious  X  one,withoutdoubt@echoingthewordsoftheCentinel.OnDecember3,thedaytheelectors $  metinthestatestoselectthenextpresident,thepaperadmonished:Onthisday,theelectorsin   alltheUnitedStateswilldecidewhetherourcountryshallcontinuetoenjoythewiseand l  efficientadministrationofthelasttwelveyears;andalltheblessingswhichhaveemanated 8 therefrom;orwhetherthereignofinnovationandwildexperimentshallcommence:BWhether T theshipofstatewhichhassolongobeyedthehelmofselfgovernmentshallpursueinsafetyher   prosperousvoyage,orwhethersheshallbetossedatrandomAonthetempestuousseaof  licentiousliberty.  7   15     AC X   h  X XE.` hp x (#X(#E=J XE.` hp x (#X(#E=JLouisa=suseofthewordsAlicentious@todescribeRepublicanism,andAannihilate@rather \ thanreject(thetreaty)suggeststhattheCentinel,whichusedthesamewords,wasaprimary ( x sourceofherpoliticalinformation.Thepaperusedabsolutelanguageasaneditorialdevice,but !D  Louisa=suseofthewordsappearedsincere. #"  XThepresidentialelectionof1800wasunlikeanyotherinAmericanhistory.Conducted % $ undertheconstitutionalprovisionthatthepresidentandvicepresidentshouldbethefirstand X'"& secondplacewinnersofelectoralvotes,thepoliticalpartiesviedforcontrolofthefirstand  secondplacevotes.IncumbentJohnAdamswassupportedbytheFederalistpartywhich | favoreddiplomatictiestoGreatBritain,astrongmilitary,andlimitedexpansionintowestern H lands.VicePresidentThomasJeffersonwasfavoredbytheDemocraticRepublicans,who  d wantedalliancewithFrance,fearedthatastandingarmycouldbeusedtocurbindividual  0 freedom,andwantedaccesstofreelandinthewest.     16     I X  Partisannewspaperspublishedattackson    oppositioncandidates,oftenintheformofanonymousletterstoeditors.Federalistsaccused x  DemocraticRepublicansofbeingJacobins,whileRepublicansaccusedFederalistsofbeing D  monarchists. ` TheFederalistnewspaperthatLouisawasreadingprintedanunsignedletteraccusing , FranceofwantingtoAoverturntheUnitedStatesConstitutionanddoawaywiththeSenate.@   7   17     PL X    AneditorialreprintedfromtheGazetteoftheUnitedStateswarned: t  X XE.` hp x (#X(#EItisthegeneralascendencyoftheworthless,thedishonest,therapacious,thevile,the @ mercilessandtheungodlywhichformstheprinciplegroundofalarm....Thesearethe &v mentowhomMr.JeffersonandMr.Burrareindebtedforthehighestofficesinthe  \ nation....AswenowproceedwearetracingthestepsofFranceandhavealreadyarrived B almostatthepointatwhichtheyappearstainedwithblood.  "   18     O X   (  X XE.` hp x (#X(#ELouisatookthesewarningstoheartandimaginedtheconsequencesofRepublican  governmentinherownfamily.Shewrote,AMustmyboybecomeaFrenchman?NeverBIhad p!  ratherheshouldneverknowsociety.@Andlater,AReadintheeveningsomeofthemost <#" tragicalpartoftheFrenchrevolution.ItwillnotdotoreadsuchthingswhenIintendtosleep, %X $ forIdreamofrobbersandmurder,andalwaysconnecttheideaofmyhusbandwithsomeof  them.@  #   19     S X   | Whilewomenwerenotconsideredparticipantsinthepoliticalprocess,Louisa=swriting H demonstratesthatwomenwereinvolvedinpoliticstosomedegree.Theelectionwasthefocus  d ofagreatdealofattention,evenamongmenwhocouldnotordidnotvote,  $7   20     T X  andsheprobably  0 heardalotaboutitfromthemenaroundher.Thefactthatshesharedherviewsandfearswith    herhusbandsuggeststhattheysharedthisinterestorthatshewastakinganinterestonhis x  behalf.ItseemslikelythatherhusbandwasaFederalistpartisan,andthattheColumbian D  CentinelandMassachusettsFederalistwashispreferredpaper.Louisamayhavebeenreading ` thepaperandlearningitspointofviewinordertoremainacompaniontoJohn,evenata , distance.  ByFebruary1801,thedifficultelectionwasoverandThomasJeffersonwaselected t president,withAaronBurrvicepresident.Louisadidnotmentionpoliticsafterthatmonth.The @ peacefultransitionofgovernmentwhichoccurredinearlyMarchwasaremarkableeventin  \ Americanhistory,  %   21     OY X  butnotinLouisa=sdiary.Louisafearedrevolutionarychangesafterthe ( electionofThomasJefferson,butthosechangestookdecadestooccur.Americawaschanging  asdemocracytookshape,andpowerwasslippingawayfromNewEngland.NewEngland=s p!   socialcharacterwasalsochangingwiththedevelopmentofthemiddleclass. <#" Louisa=sreadingsuggeststhatherownopinionswererootedinthevaluesofNew   England=srisingmiddleclass.OnJanuary16,1801,LouisareadaboutMajorJohnAndr,a | conspiratorwithBenedictArnoldwhohadbeencapturedandexecutedfortreasonin1780.She H wrote,AThiswastoomuchBheshouldhavelived.Washingtononcedidwrong.@  &   22     (] X  That  d comment,criticizingGeneralWashington,issurprising.ThepeopleofNewEnglandvenerated  0 Washington=smemory.FollowinghisdeathinDecemberof1799townsandvillagesmade    theirgriefpublicwithmemorialparadesandralliesBandsentreportstotheBostonpapers.The x  Centinelpublishedmemorialpoetryandessaysonitsfrontpagesformorethanamonthafterhis D  death,andthankedHeaventhatAdamswastheretocontinueinhistradition.  '7   23     _   Hewas ` rememberedasanidealman:anofficerandagentleman.Louisacriticizedtheexecutionof , AndrbecauseintheyearssinceAndr=sdeaththepopularpresshadportrayedhimasthesame  kindofidealmanWashingtonhadbeen.  (>   24     a    t SincetheendoftheRevolutionaryWar,hehadbecomeaherotoNewEngland=s @ developingmiddleclass.Andrhadbeenhandsome,talented,young,brave,andverywell  \ mannered.Hisreputationhadgrownafterhisdeath,fueledbythepublicationofhispoetryand ( letters.Hewasconsideredanofficerandagentlemanandmanybelievedthatheshouldnot  havebeenexecuted.InEngland,Andrhadhadafutureinthemilitaryandinthearts.Hewas p!  oneofthosewhowasborntolead.Hiscaptorsweresonsoftenantfarmers;Apeasants,@ <#" accordingtoAlexanderHamilton.  )   25     e   LouisaacceptedAndrasaheroratherthanhisunlettered  captorsatthesametimethattheFederalistswerewarningoftheAgeneralascendencyofthe | worthless.@  *9   26     yf    H Inadditiontothenewspaper,whichwasveryimportanttoher(atonepointshebecame  d angrywhenaneighbortookthepaperawaybeforeshehadreadit)  +   27     g   Louisareadnovels,books  0 ofpoetry,essays,sermons,andbroadsides.  ,G   28     h   Louisalovedtoread.Whenshewasinherhome    inSalisburyVillage,sherentedbooksfromthelocallibraryinAmesbury.  -    29     i   Shedescribedaday x  spentreadingandplayingwithhersonasAadayaftermyheartBmybooksaremygreatestand D  sweetestamusement.@  .    30     3k    ` Shereadpoetry,butdidnotseemtocareforitthewayshedidnovels.Shesaidshe , didn=tlikeBookOneofPleasuresofImagination,andsimplymentionedSeasonswithno  commentonwhethersheenjoyedit.Shelikednovelsandwrotethatshedreamedofthemafter t shereadthem.Inthenovelssheread,thevirtuoussuffered,butvirtueitselfalwaysprevailed. @  Louisa=snovelreadingwasanemotionalexperienceforher,andthehappyendingsprobably  \ fedherownfaithinahappyendingtoherpersonalstory.Shewroteaboutonenovel,AHowit  makesonecry...CarolineisagoodgirlandherCountisdeservingofher.@  /   31     n    |  Louisaseemedtoengageherselfwiththenovelsandtheyinfluencedherwriting.Her H descriptionsofherdreams,particularlytheromanticdreamsofherhusband,seemtohavecome  d fromthepagesofoneofherstories.InNatureandArt,Louisareadoftheestrangementoftwo  0 brothers,andthegriefofonewhenhelearnedthattheotherhadleftthecountry:     X XE.` hp x (#X(#EToaddtohisselfreproaches,hebeheldinhistormentedmemorythecountenanceofhis x  brotherattheirlastinterview,asitchanged,whilehecensuredhismarriage,andtreated ^  withdisrespecttheobjectofhisconjugalaffection.Herememberedtheangerrepressed, D  thetearburstingforth,andthelastglimpsehehadofhim,ashelefthispresencefor *z  ever.  07   32     s    `  XE.` hp x (#X(#EShewroteofadream: ,  XE.` hp x (#X(#EGotobedanddreamofseeingmyhusbandverymuchdejected,andwouldnottellme  thereasonBtalkstohimself,butIcouldnothearwhathesaid.Atlast,requestedmeto  takeWarrenandsitforhimtotakeourpictures.Heattempteditbutwept;threwaway t hispencil,anddeclareditwasnothingliketheoriginalBkissedmeandprotestedwith Z enthusiasm,noneshouldtempthimtoleavehiswifeandchild.Iawokeintears,happy @ tofinditadream.  1}   33     8w    &v  XE.` hp x (#X(#EThenovelsconfirmedthatheremotionalresponseswereanormalpartoflife,andgaveLouisaa B vocabularyforhermostintenseemotions.ShehadtosuppressherfeelingswhenwritingtoJohn  whilesittingwithherfamily  2   34     Qy   buttheherfeelingswerevalidatedbythenovelsandexpressedin   thediary. V"!  XAmericanliteracywasontheriseinthelate18thcentury.SincetheRevolution,  Americans,especiallyAmericanwomen,werebecomingavidreaders.Readingwasviewedas | aninstructiveactivityandanecessaryskill.Sermonsandstudiesofnaturalhistorywerewidely H read,butwomenincreasinglyreadfiction.Astheliteracyraterose,sodidthesaleofnovels.  d Furthermore,onedidnothavetobewelltodotogetbooks.Libraries,commoneveninsmall  0 towns,madeitpossibletorentbooksveryinexpensively.By1800,readingwasnotanupper    classactivityanylonger.Thepopularityofnovelsindicatedthatanewkindofmarketforbooks x  wasdeveloping;bookswerebeingreadbyamassaudienceforthefirsttime.  3   35     }   Allofthebooks D  Louisamentionedreadingwerewellknowninhertime.SheusedthelibraryatAmesbury,so ` thebooksshereadwereavailabletoallofhersocialgroup.Itispossiblethatshediscussedthe , bookswithherfriendsduringtheirmanysocialcalls.  Louisaconsideredreadingtobeaninstructiveandmoralizingactivity,asdidmostof t societyinhertime.Shecombinedreadingandpublicworshipinherownreligiouspractice. @ ShewasaregularattendeeattheCongregationalmeetinghousesinthetownswhereshestayed,  \ andwasasharpcritic.Whenthreedifferentministerstookpartinafriend=sfuneral,sherated ( them.AThefirstprayerbyMr.Noyes,intolerable;thesermonbyMr.Spring,pertinentand  good;thelastprayerbyMr.Parish,excellentBmusic,miserable.@  4   36     Imor  Whenshecouldnotgoto p!   meetingonSundaymornings,shereadsermons.Onecollectionaboutwhichshecommented <#" freelywasbyRichardPrice,aUnitarianknownforhispoliticalwritingaswellasforhis  sermons.Louisa=sownideasaboutfreedomandvirtueweresupportedbyPrice=steachings.  5   37     Pmor   |  Pricewasaproponentoffreewill,thebeliefthatmenweremorallyresponsiblefor H makingjudgementsandthatGoddidnotinterveneinmen=schoices.Inhisreligiouswritings  d hestressedthatmeritlayinthechoicesmenmadebecauseGodhadnopartinthem;onlyman  0 himselfcouldacceptresponsibilitywhetherhischoicesweregoodorevil.Pricewrotepolitical    tractsbasedonhisbeliefinfreewillthatsupportedtherightsofBritishcolonistsinNorth x  Americatogovernthemselves.HisdefenseoftheRevolutionmadehimanAmericanhero,even D  thoughheneverleftEngland.  6   38     ʇmor   ` ЀPricestressedtheessentialunityofbeliefinChristiansects,butinferredthat , Unitarianismwasthemostlogicalandmostbiblicallycorrect.  7   39     mor  SomeofPrice=ssermons  focusedonthehappinesstobederivedbylearningandpracticingvirtues.Thesewerepublished t withaseriesofsermonsexplainingsimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenvariousdissenting @ Christiansects.Louisa=sdiaryentriesindicatethatthiswasthevolumesherentedfromthe  \ library.LouisaadmiredPrice=swork,andreaddeeplyandregularly: (  XE.` hp x (#X(#E17thSunday.ReadsermonsinthemorningBgotoAmesbury[meetinghouse]to  hearMr.Hull[preach.]Thepeoplelikehimmuch,BbutIthinkheisrathersuperficial....   ...20.Wednesday.Iread,everymorning,oneortwoofPrice=sSermons.They  areexcellentBthebest,IthinkIeverread....  ...25.Monday.Price=sSermonsIhavereadattentively,andcansay,Ithinkhis | sentimentsofreligionBit=sprinciplesBit=sadvantagesandblessingstothosewho b practiceitastheyought,themostconsistentandreasonableofany.Icertainlyhave H takenmuchsatisfactioninreadinghim.@  8   40     ֎mor   . ~  X=J X XE.` hp x (#X(#E=JInNewEngland,Price=ssermonswerebeingreadaspartofaninfluxofnewand <  dissentingreligiousideas.Questionsaboutsalvation,theTrinityandthedivinenatureJesus,and  X  howbesttoliveaChristianlifewereaddressedbyMethodists,Universalists,andUnitarians,as $  wellasotherlesserknownsects.TheautonomousCongregationalchurcheswerefreetocall   dissentingministerstotheirpulpits. l  Louisawasfullyengagedinthethatexchangeofideas.Duringthetimeshehadthe 8 librarycopyofPrice=sSermons,Louisawasinvitedtohearasermonbyaministerwhose T doctrineoffendedher.Hercriticismshowsaspunkysarcasmunusualinherwritinganditis   steepedinherassociationswithclassandmoralresponsibility:   X XE.` hp x (#X(#EMr.HullisaTrinitarian.>Tisstrangehowinconsistentpeopleareintheiropinionsof h Religion.Lastweek,thepeopleofAmesburywerehighlyoffendedwithMr.Hull, N becausehehadaloudercallfromanotherplaceBtheyweresowellunitedBsoverywell 4 pleasedandsatisfied.Ifheleftthem,theyshouldbeinaworsesituationtheneverB j ruined!Buttoday,theyhaveinvitedaUniversalistintotheirbelovedpulpit,andallthe P worldarerunningtohearhimBthatisBallSalisburyandAmesbury.Iwasmuchurged 6 tostayandhearhim;BbutnoBIshouldbemortifiedtobeseeninthetrainofamanof   suchprinciples.Ifwearealltobesaved,dowhatwewill,whatdowegotomeeting !  for?Suchsentimentscertainlyopenthewayforeverykindofwickedness,and "! consequently,aretobeavoided,ifweconsultonlyourpresenthappiness.Icanhave ~#" charityforallprofessions,exceptingthisUniversalism.Tothis,themostwickedand d$# abandonedresort,withoutonewishtoreform.Withsuchcharactersandsuchprinciples, J% $ aladyofdelicacywouldblushtoappear,andaladyofvirtuewouldneverbefound.  97   41     zmor   0&!%  'f"&  X XE.` hp x (#X(#ENothingexceptherlonelinessforJohnorhergriefafterWarren=sdeathpromptedsuch  anoutpouringofopinionasthearrivaloftheUniversalistinAmesbury.Universalismwasa | doctrinethatheldthatGod=sloveencompassedallandthatChrist=sdeathhadassuredthe H salvationofeveryoneBregardlessofbelieforbehavior.Louisa=sfearofthewickedturningto  d UniversalismtoavoidtheresponsibilitiesofavirtuousChristianlifewassimilartothefearshe  0 hadthatThomasJefferson=sgovernmentwouldbelicentious.Shelookedtotheinstitutionof    Christianitytoprovidestabilitytoindividualsaswellassociety.ToLouisa,theideaofunearned x  salvationwasasabhorrentasmobrule. D  :InherlettersandherdiaryLouisawasshapingherhusband=sviewofherselfintheway ` sheexpressedhermoralandpoliticalviews.Shewasassuringthathewouldseeherasaloyal, , pious,anddevotedspouse.Shewasnotattemptingtocreateafalseimage;shevaluedthose  qualitiesinherself.Thetruewomanofthenineteenthcenturywasthefoundationofhomelife t andthemodelofpietyandvirtue.Louisa=schoicesshowhowsheadoptedthatstandardand @ expresseditinherownlife.ShewasnotsimplywaitingforJohntoreturn,shewascaringfor  \ theirmarriagewhileshecaredforherotherconcerns. ( Whatconcernedhermostwerethepeopleandhappeningsofherdailylife.Warrenwas  frequentlysickwithteething,colds,orinflamedears.Familymemberscameandwent,amusing p!  herwiththeiradventuresandworryingherwiththeirillnesses.Shehadherdailyworkanda <#" networkoffriendswhichkeptherbusy.Sheconfidedinherdiaryasshecountedtheweeks %X $ Johnhadbeengone. &$"& Duringherhusband=slongseacruises,Louisamadeextendedvisitstoherparentsin (#( Acton,Massachusettsandherhusband=sparentsinWindham,NewHampshire.Whennot l*%* : : :  visitingwithfamily,shelivedinSalisburyVillage,Massachusetts,whereshehadroomsina  housewithtwosisters,Mrs.FowlerandMrs.Lumbard,whosehusbandsweremerchantship | captains.  ;   42     dvi  SheusedthetermAhome@todescribeherroominSalisburyaswellasherparents= H home,butforher,Ahome@wasalsoadream.Shelongedtohaveherhusbandwithher,andin  d herdiarywroteimaginingsofthetwoofthemtogetherwiththeirson.AWiththeeIwouldflyto  0 someremote,somesolitaryhome;therewouldwe...enjoytheluxuriesoflifeBrichinblessing    eachother....ThenImighthopetopreservemychildhisinnocence.@  <7   43     dvi   x  Louisa=slivingarrangementswerenotunusualandbecamemorecommonasthe D  nineteenthcenturyprogressed;wivesofmenwhowereatseaforlongperiodsoftimeturned ` increasinglytofamilyortootherwomeninsimilarstraightstomeettheirhousingneeds.Asthe , economyturnedmoretowardfamiliesbeingsupportedbythewagesofahusbandandfather,  seamen=swivessharedhousingtosavemoney,orbecauseitseemedinappropriatetolive t withoutamaninthehouse.TheirlettersshowthattheysharedLouisa=sfeelingthattheywere @ notreallyAathome.@  =   44      dvi    \ Shebeganherlongvisitwithherparentsinasentimentalmood.Shewrote: (  X XE.` hp x (#X(#ESpenttheeveningwithFatherandMotherattheoldmansionhouseBtheplaceofallmy  childhoodpleasures,firstimpressions,&firstaffections....eventheoldwainscotmade p!  myheartbeat.  >   45     cdvi   <#"  XE.` hp x (#X(#EButherhomecominghappinessdidnotlast.Shelovedherfamilyandenjoyedbeingwiththem,  butherextendedvisitwasastrain.Herparent=shomewasprobablynotamansionasitwasthe | parsonageofthetown=sCongregationalChurch.Thefamilywasnotwealthy;whenLouisawas H agirlhermotherhadsupplementedthefamilyincomeoperatingashopinthebasement.  ?   46     dvi  The  d housemayhavebeencramped,andthecommonrooms,whereLouisasewedandwrote,were  0 verybusy.Shecomplainedthatotherfamilymembershadaccesstoherbelongingsandshe    wishedshewereinSalisbury,AIdon=tliketohavemyarticlesdisturbed.@Thehousewasbusy x  andLouisaoftenfeltcrowdedbycompany.Shewrote,AIntheeveningwasobligedtohear D  Mrs.Fostertalksomuch,Icouldneitherreadnorwrite.......Intheevening,companyBofno ` consequencetome.Ihadmuchratherhavebeenalone.@OnChristmasdaysheventedher , frustrationandwrote,AThisisthemoststupidplaceIeverlivedin.Somefrivolousdisputeis  theonlyvarietyinthistown.......Ifeelagreatinclinationtowrite,butthereissomuchchitchat t goingonintheroomImustgiveitup.@  @9   47     wdvi   @  XHersenseoffrustrationwasexacerbatedbythedifficultyoftravel.Againandagainher  \ weatherentriessay,Arain.@Withoutsnow,NewEnglandwasabadplacetotravelinthe ( winter.Roadsgotmuddyandcouldnotbetraveledbysledorcart.Louisamadeplanstovisita  marriedsisterinHingham,buthadtopostponethetrip.Heryoungerbrothersdecidedtogotoa p!  nearbydance,snowornot,andtheirsledtippedoverintothemudtwicebeforeleavingthe <#" yard.  A   48     odvi  Louisawasatthemercyoftheweatherandofherfamilialduties. %X $ Louisa=sfamilyrelationshipswereapparentlyverywarm.Sheputherconjugalfamily  first,butreliedonhernatalfamilyforfriendshipandsupport,andconsideredherselfamember | ofherhusband=sfamilyalso.Shehadacloserelationshipwithherparents,butwasmoreallied H tohermotherthantoherfather.Louisaandherfatherseemedtomaintainsomedistancefrom  d eachother.Asamarrieddaughter,shewasamemberofthefamily,butnotentirely;Louisawas  0 concernedaboutthecostofstayingatherfather=shouse,andwrote,AIknownotwhatmy    fatherwillchargemeformyboard,butIintendtoknowsoonBIconclude,notmuchasIstayat x  theirrequest,andmoretoobligethemthanmyself.@  B   49     dvi  Amarriedwoman=ssupportwasthe D  responsibilityofherhusband,notherfather. ` CWithhermother,Louisaveryquicklyslippedbackintotheroleofdaughterandhelper. , HermothersuggestedthatLouisaleavehersonWarren,thenninemonthsold,andvisitwithher  sisterandotherfriendsforthewinter.Louisawasnotreadytoleavehersonforsuchalong t time,butsheconsideredit.Itdidnotseemtobotherherthathermotherwasofferingtobea @ motherbothtoherandtoherson.Sheexpressednoconcernabouthermother=sabilitytocare  \ foraninfantofninemonths,orabouttheproprietyofagrandmotherbeingaprimarycaretaker. ( HeronlyobjectionwasthatshewouldmissWarrenifshewasawayfromhimforsolong.  Earlyinhervisit,Louisabegantofeelthepressureofhermother=sneeds.Afterstaying p!  upallnightwithbabyWarren,whowasteething,shecommented,AMahasmuchtodoforthe <#" boys,andmyconsciencehurtsmethatIdonothelpher;butmytimeissooccupiedthatIknow %X $ nothowIcan.@Threedayslater,herresolvehadvanished;ASaturday.Sewingformy &$"& mother.......Monday.Sewingalldayformymother,inhaste.......Tuesday.Sewingagainfor (#( C C C  mybrothers,whoreturnfromCollege,andwantnewclothes.......Wednesday.BoysathomeBat  workforthemyet.@  D   50      yin  Louisa=sprotestthatshewastoobusytohelpwasnotentirelyaccurate. | Onthedayshewrotethatherconsciencehurtshealsowrotethatshehadgoneoutwithher H father,visiting,intheafternoonandevening.Shedidhaveleisuretime,andhermotherwas  d keepingabusyhouseandraisingatleasttwoteenageboys.Louisa=shelpwiththesewingmust  0 havebeenagreatrelief.    OnDecember29,1800,Louisasuddenlyhadthechancetotakeashorttriptovisither x  sisterNancy.Whenoneofherfather=scolleagues,Mr.Whitney,stoppedonhiswayto D  Hingham,whereNancylived,Louisawasconvincedtojoinhim.Theystayedatthehomesof ` Whitney=srelatives,whereshewasastranger,butwasmadewelcome.Shecomplimentedall , ofherhostsoverthefourdaytrip,andnotedinherdiarythat,AMinisters=familiesarealways  acquainted.@ShehadonehappyeveningwithNancy,andadmiredhersister=sAHouseand t situation,@butcommented,AIhadmuchratherbewithout,thanpaysixtydollarsinterest, @ annually,withnoprospectofpayingthedebt....Iwishtheywereasfreefromdebtasweare.@  \ ThemuddyroadsmadethetripdifficultandshemissedWarren,butarrivinghomeagainafter ( fourdays,shehappilysummedupherexperience,AIsawmanyfriendswhoweregladtosee  me,andwithoutmuchexpense.@  E7   51     yin  Shewasabletouseherfamilyconnections,travelingwitha p!  ministerandbeingthedaughterofaminister,toopendoors,andthetripwouldhavebeenvery <#"  difficultifhermotherhadnotbeencaringforWarren. %X $ LouisaparticularlyenjoyedthecompanyofherbrotherIsaacAdamsandhersisterin   lawJanePark.IsaacwasasourceoffunBaletterfromhimwasAeightcentsoflaugh@Bbuthe | wasalsoaresponsibleyoungman.Louisareliedonhimonseveraloccasionstoaccompanyher H onjourneysanditwasIsaacwhobroughtJanetocomfortherwhenhersondied.Janelived  d withherparentsinWindham,NewHampshire,andsufferedfromsomekindofillnesswhileshe  0 wasathome.LouisatriedmanytimestoarrangeforJanetocomeforlengthyvisitsto    Salisbury,butthesewerevetoedbyherfatherinlaw,JosephPark.InMayof1800,when x  Warrenwasaboutamonthold,LouisawrotetoJohn,ASisterJanehasnotbeenhere,andIfear D  willnotkeepherpromise.BSheisagoodgirlBIwishshewouldbetransplantedintosomesoil ` bettersuitedtohertaste.@  F   52     yin  DuringtheextendedvisittoActonthefollowingwinter,Louisa , againplannedforJanetovisither.AIwishitwouldsnow,thatwemaygotoWindhamBIam  tiredofbeinghere.ThereIwouldstaysolongthatJanemightgohomewithme,andstaywith t me,untilherbrotherreturns.@OnceinWindham,LouisatookparticularcareofJane,andmade @ heranewcloakandmittens.Jane=sillnesswasbaffling:  \  XG XE.` hp x (#X(#EJane=spaincontinuesandisalwaysworseaftereatingandexercise.Laudanummakesit ( worse.Idon=tknowwhatistobedone.Companymakesitbetter.......Janemuchbetter  inthemorning;wehearthesong,whereversheis.Inhalfanhour,thepainissobadthat  wehearhergroansineveryroom.Ibelieveitwillbeherdeath.>Tisdifferentfrom   anythingIhaveseen.ThecauseIdon=tknow.Inafewhours,itwillleaveherwell,but p!  weakandlowspirited.WehavejustreceivedaninvitationtoaballatCarleton=s, V"! Salem....Ourfatherispleasedtohaveusgo.Janeisneverunwellfromhome.Iwish <#" morethanevertotakehertoSalisbury.  H7   53     yin   "$r#   %X $ G G G  XE.` hp x (#X(#ELouisadidnotgetherlongvisitwithJane,butinanerawhenmedicalcuresincludedstrong   emetics,  I   54     yin  Laudanum,blisteringandbleeding,Louisa=sprescriptionforJane,togetheroutof | herfather=shouse,mayhavebeenthebestmedicineofall. H  XNooneineitherbranchofherfamilymeantasmuchtoLouisaasherhusband,John.  d Louisa=srealfamilywaswithinhermarriage.ShewasterriblylonelyforJohnandwasnot  0 convincedthathischoicetoserveintheNavywasnecessary.Hehadhadaprivatemedical    practiceinAmesbury(asmalltowncontiguouswithSalisburyVillage)beforehismarriage,and x  Louisa,whobelievedthathewasabrilliantdoctor,wassurehecouldhavebeensuccessfulon D  land.Louisa=slettersanddiarycontainmanyreferencestohislifeatseabeinganecessary ` sacrifice,andachoicemadeforthegoodofthefamily,butwhentimeswerehard,herfrustration , surfaced.LouisawaspregnantwhenJohnleftforhisfirstcruise,andherletterstohimwere  writtenasthoughheknewofthepregnancy.ItisnotclearwhetherornotLouisaagreedwith t John=sdecisiontojointheNavy,orsimplyacceptedit.A>TisformeyouliveasyoudoB>Tis @ foryouIwilltrytolive,andhopetolivewithyou.@  J   55     yin  IntheSpringof1800,whenWarren=s  \ birthwasimminent,Louisawasafraid.Shecomplained,thenapologized,thencomplainedmore ( aboutbeingalone.ShewrotetoJohn,AIwishfrommyheartyouhadmadeastandin  NewburyportlastAutumn.ThereisnowayoungDoctorthere,doingverywell,whereIamsure p!   youmighthavedonebetter.@  K   56     ayin   <#"  XX    Louisadescribedherdreamsinherdiary;manyofthemwereaboutJohn.Shemissedhis   company,andherlettersanddiaryindicatethattheywereanintellectuallycompatiblepair,but | shealsomissedhispresenceandhintedatthephysicalityoftheirrelationshipinherdescriptions H ofherdreams:I݌  d Ќ XX  XE.` hp x (#X(#EHethrewhimselfonthebedandgroaned;Ibeggedtoknowwhatwasthematter.  0 Saidhe,Louisa,cometomyarms;whenIhaveyouinmybosomIshallbehappy.I    flew,andinthatcloseembraceIlivedanage,anddranksuchdraughtsasburstmysoul,    andcalledmetomysolitarychamber.Beholditwasadream!Iwouldthatmylifewere   allsuchadream.OmybelovedhusbandBthoubestofmen;fromwhomIderiveallmy x  happinessinthisworld,andwithwhomIhopetoenjoyEternity.... ^  ...Lastnight,IdreamedofreadingacharmingletterfrommyhusbandBandafter D  that,ofbeingwithhimandkissinghimheartily.  L   57     yin   *z   X=J X XE.` hp x (#X(#E=JWhenpossibleLouisadeferredtoherhusbandinmattersthatconcernedWarren,and 8 whennotpossible,sheprotested.Shewassurethatherhusband=spresenceintheirhomewas T necessaryforWarren=smoraldevelopment.Inspiteofthecommonlyheldbeliefthatthe   mother=smoralitywasthekeytothemoraldevelopmentofchildren,Louisawrote,AShouldhe  returnandhaveitinhispowertolivewithus,thenshall[Warren]receivesuchlessonsofright h andwrongasshallpreservehimfromevil.@  M7   58     Myin  ShewassurethatmanyofWarren=sminor 4 illnesses,suchasearachesanddifficultieswithteething,wereworsebecauseofhisfather=s P absence.  N   59     yin  WhenWarrenwasbornhewasnicknamedASuwarro@byCaptainHoyt,afamily   friendwhowassomethingofamentortotheyoungParks.Louisadislikedthename,but "! continuedtouseitbecauseJohnhadnotprovidedanyother.Thebabywasnotbaptizedand d$# renamedJosephWarrenuntilhisfatherreturnedfromsea.  O   60     yin  Innumerousdiaryentries,Louisa  indicatedthatJohn,Warren,orshewasmissingsomethingcrucialbyJohn=snotbeingapartof | thefamily=sdailylife. H DuringherstayinActon,Louisaoutlinedhertypicalday,AIriseateight,eatbreakfastat  d nineBthensew,whattimeIhavebesidesthecareofWarren,>tillafterdinner.Ifnocompany  0 prevents,writingandreadingintheafternoon.Intheevening,knitting,ifcircumstances    permit.@  P7   61     zyin  ThatpatternprevailedmostdaysinWindhamandSalisburyaswell.Shespentthe x  daylighthoursreadingandsewing,activitiesthatrequiredgoodlight,andknittedintheevening. D  Experiencedknitterscanworksimplepatterns,andmanycomplicatedones,withouthavingto ` watchtheirhandsmuch,sodimcandleorlamplightwouldnothavebeenahindrancetoher , work.  QTheParksapparentlylivedonJohn=swages.Louisanevermentionedcookingorcaring t forlivestock.Shedidnotworktosupplementthefamilyincome,ashermotherhaddonewith @ herbasementstoreinActon.IntheSpringmonths,therewerenomentionsofpreparinga  \ garden.Louisawasconcernedaboutherspending,butproudthatsheandJohnhadnodebts, ( andLouisahadthemoneysheneededtopaydoctorsforWarren=scare.  R   62     yin    WhatshemeantbythetermAcompany@wastheregularsocialcontactsthatwereapart p!  ofthecommunitieswhereshelived.Onatypicaldayshewouldeitherreceivevisitorsorgoout <#" tovisit,onsomedaysshedidboth.InSalisbury,particularly,Louisaenjoyedanactivelifewith %X $ Q Q Q  herfriendsandneighbors,especiallywomen.Herfemalehousemates,Mrs.LumbardandMrs.  Fowler,participatedintheroundsofvisitingevenwhentheirhusbandswereathomefromthe | sea,soitisreasonabletoassumethatLouisawouldalsohaveparticipatedregardlessofwhether H herhusbandwasaway.InthemonthofMarch,1801,Louisarecordedgoingouttovisitsixteen  d times,oftentakingtea,eventhoughtherewereninedayswhentheweatherwassobadthatshe  0 couldnotgooutatall.    InApril1801,Louisasufferedtheheartbreakinglossofheronlyson.Hergriefwas x  overwhelming,andwhenshereturnedtoherdiaryaweekafterWarren=sdeathshepouredout D  hergriefaswellasherangerforhavingtobealonethroughtheordeal.Afterherbriefentryof ` April12th,thereisagapofhalfapageinthediary,andthenextentryisonMay2nd,threeweeks , later.Shedrewtwobroadhorizontallinesacrossthegapinthepage,asthoughshewas  separatingherlifeintoAbefore@andAafter.@WhenshereturnedtothediaryonMay2nd, t Warrenhadbeendeadforaweek.Writingmusthavebeencatharticforher,becauseshewrote, @ inoneday,fifteenpagesdescribingtheillness,histreatment,andhisfuneral.Sheresolvedto  \ takecareofherownhealthandtoresume,asmuchaspossible,anormallife.Shestruggled, ( though,withwhatnormallifecouldbeforher;shewasawifewhosehusbandwasfaraway,and  amotherwhonolongerhadachild. p!  InearlyAprilLouisa=sdiaryhadincludedseveralmentionsofWarrenbeingsick.That <#" wasnotunusual;hehadhadseveralcoldsandearinflammationsoverthewinter,andhadcuthis %X $ firstteeth.Anotherchildinthehousewasalsosick.Lydia,theyoungdaughterofher &$"&  housemateMrs.Lumbard,hadScarletFever.OnApril11th,Louisawrote,ALydia (#( betterBWarrennotsowell.@  S   63     e,do  Afterthat,allofherdescriptionofWarren=sillnesswasinher   longentryofMay2nd. | Thebabywasseenbyfivedifferentdoctorsoverthecourseofhisillness.Threewere H calledinbyLouisaorbythedoctorshechosetooverseethetreatment,Dr.Bradstreetof  d Newburyport.Twomoreenteredintoconsultationwiththeothersafterbeingcalledtothehouse  0 totreatherlandlord,CaptainFowler.Hehadanintestinalblockagewhichreachedacritical    pointbeforeLouisa,whowascompletelyinvolvedinWarren=scare,realizedthathewassick. x  WhenCaptainFowler=streatmentprovedsuccessful,hisphysiciansturnedtheirattentiontothe D  sickchild. ` LouisawantedtonurseWarrenherself,butaftertwoweeks,acceptedhelpfromher , friends.Exhaustedfromcarryinghim,sheallowedoneofherwatcherstotakehim.Whoeverit  was,itwasprobablyoneofherclosestfriends,butshedescribedthemomentasAthepainful t necessityofgivinghimtoastranger.@Shelefttheroomforashorttimetoescapethesoundof @ hislaboredbreathing.Shewrote:  \  X XE.` hp x (#X(#EIweptandprayeduntilIbecamemorecomposed,thenreturnedtothechambertohear ( thelastsobs,andclosetheeyesofmyonlyson.ForhoursIhadwishedtoseehimquiet;  butwhenthetimecameIthoughtmyownbreathwouldhavestopped.Noone,that  neverfelt,canconceivethedistressofsuchasituation.    XT XE.` hp x (#X(#EAfterhedied,Louisatookcareofhisbody,washinganddressingitforburial,andher V"! friendsbegantotakecareofher.TwowomenboughtandpreparedmourningclothesforLouisa "$r# whileoneofCaptainHoyt=ssonsrodetoWindhamtotelltheParkfamily.CaptainHoyt %>!% broughtaministerfromNewburyporttoconductthegravesideservice,andatLouisa=srequest, ' #' T T T  allowedthebodytobeplacedinhisfamily=smausoleum.Louisawrote,Atoseehimdeposited  therewasnothalfsodistressingtomyfeelingsasitwouldhavebeentoseehimburiedunderthe | sod;andwhenhisfatherreturnshecanseehimandremovehimashemaythinkfit.@  U   64     ) ,do   H AfterWarren=sdeath,Louisa=sfriendsgotherintoheroldroutineasquicklyas  d possible.Twodaysaftertheburial,herlandladyMrs.Fowler,tookhertoteawithonefriend  0 andtovisitanother.Thatevening,Mrs.Lumbard,motheroflittleLydia,gavebirthtoa    daughter.Louisawrote,AIforgot,forawhile,myowndistress,inthesufferingsandjoysof x  another.@  V   65     ,do   D  Louisa=sdiarychangedsignificantlyafterWarren=sdeath.Herdailylifecontinued ` muchasithad,thoughshefrequentlyneededtobealoneandallowedherselfherprivategrief. , heconcentratedonherownhealthandthelittletasksthathadbeenleftunattended.She  continuedtoreadandcommentonlifearoundher,butherattitudetowardherhusbandandhis t extendedabsencelostallsemblanceofpatience.Shebegandirectingmanyofherstatementsto @ John,asthoughshewerewritinghimletters:  \  X XE.` hp x (#X(#EItwasnowthatIfeltthewantofmyhusband.ItwaswithdifficultythatIcouldrefrain ( fromreproachinghimforabandoninghisbelovedwifeandonlychild.Ifoundmyself  underthenecessityofsupportingall...   XW...Deathitistrue,may,butnothingelseshalleverseparatemefrommybeloved   partner.Sincehisimaginationpaintsaresidenceathomeasimpossible,Iwillfollow p!  him,ifinnootherwayitcanbeallowed,inthehabitofasailor!...Mylifeisasceneof V"! sorrowandtears,inhisabsenceIcanendureitnolonger.Whyshouldwepersistin <#" denyingourselvesthegreatestenjoymentthatwaseverrealizedbymortals,whenitis "$r# nowinourpowertopossessit?...Intruth,myfortitudeandpatienceareexhausted....Oh %X $  haste,mylove,andrelievetheimpatienceofyourLouisa. %>!% W W W  Icannotdrivethissubjectfrommymind,anymorethanIcanexistwithout   nourishment.Isitnotthewishofusbothtoprocureandsecurethehappinessofeach  other?Whythendoweneglecttheonlywaythatleadstoit?Itappearstomethatwhile | wearesearchingafterit,wearerunningawayfromit.Whyisit,withallyourabilities, b talents&accomplishments,mylove,thatyoucannotgainagenteelsubsistencewith H yourwife?...Ifyouleavemeagain,IwillcalluponthemercyofHeaventotakemeoutof . ~ thispainfulexistence.  X   66     L,do    d  XE.` hp x (#X(#E=J  J  X=JLouisawasnolongerwillingtoacceptherhusband=scareeratsea.Shewantedhimtobebyher " r side.  >   XLouisahadcalledWarrenherAsubstitute@insomeofherearlywinterentries.The   explanationforthatwordcameinherentryofMay3rdwhenshewrote,AIhavenoWarrento   carefor,toattendto,caressandlove.@  Y7   67     9,do  Louisaneededtohavesomeonetocarefor.Itwasher R jobandhercallingtoloveandattendtoherfamily,butherfamilywasgone.Herdiarybecame n ernewsubstitute.Shehadwrittenasthoughtoafriend,butwhenhergriefoverwhelmedher,it : becameasurrogateforherhusband,andsheaimedherunhappinessdirectlyathim.Butas  desperatelyasshelongedforherhusband=scompany,itwasherwomenfriendswhocameto  herrescue. N ZHerfriendswereprobablyawareofhowdeeplyshemourned.Eventhoughshehadher j ownrooms,shelivedinahousewithtwootherfamilies,andsheprobablyhadnorealprivacy. 6 Louisa=scommunityknewdeath.Warren=shadbeenthetenthfuneralLouisawroteaboutin !  herdiary.Thefriendshipnetworkgathereditselfaroundherandkeptherinvolvedinthe ~#"  community=slife.Inthiscontext,Louisa=squickreturntoherroundsofteasandvisits J% $ Z Z Z  becomesnotfrivolousorempty,butacleareffortshesharedwithherfriendstoremainattached  toheremotionallifeline. |  JohnParkreturnedinearlyJune,andapparentlyneverreturnedtoseaagain.Heleft H medicineandbecameateacherandpublisher.PerhapsheandLouisareadanddiscussedthe  d booksheprinted.Theyhadthreemorechildrentogether.  0 Louisadiedin1813,ataboutageforty.Inherlifetime,shesawtheConstitution    amendedtopreventanotherelectionthatmightproduceaPresidentandVicePresidentwho x  werepoliticalenemies.ShesawtheLouisianaPurchasedoublethesizeoftheUnitedStatesand D  shiftthebalanceofpoliticalpowerfurtherawayfromseafaringNewEnglandandtowardthe ` expandingWest,thoughshedidnotseetheJacksonianera.ShesawtheCongregationalChurch , begintodivideitselfoverdissentingideologies,butdidnotseeUnitarianministerRalphWaldo  EmersondevelopTranscendentalisminNewEngland.Shesawthenationstrugglewithquestion t ofrightsandpower,andshesawthefirstyearsofthedevelopingcottoneconomy,butshedid @ notseethemillsandindustriesthatcametodominateMassachusetts=economy,orseeUnitarian  \ ministerTheodorParkerfoundaCongregationalistministrydevotedtoabolition. ( [ThebrieftimethatisilluminatedbyLouisaPark=swritingwasatimeofchange,nota  timeofresolution.ThebrevityofLouisa=saccounthasspecialmeaningasanillustrationofthat p!  timebecauseitshowshowpeoplelivedwithinthatchange.Louisacouldnotassuageherfears <#" ofabreakdowninthegovernmentbecauseshecouldnotknowthatthefirstpeacefulchangeof %X $ governmentwasabouttooccur.Shecouldnotarticulateherlossofpurposewhenshelosther &$"& childbecausethewomenofhergenerationwerestillcreatingthenewidealofmotherhood.The (#( definitionoftheAtruewoman@andherpopularportraitwouldcomelater.Louisayearnedfor l*%* [ [ [  aclosecompanionatemarriageinwhichsheandherhusbandwereresponsibleforeachother=s  happinessandemotionalsupport,evenwhiletheworldsofmen=sworkandwomen=shomes | werediverging. H TheeighteenmonthsfromJanuary1800toJune1801inwhichLouisawroteherletters  d anddiaryareonlyamomentinthehistoryoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,butitwasa  0 spectacularmoment.LouisaAdamsParklivedinthatmoment,standingatthethresholdofthe    nineteenthcentury.  x  \  Bibliography  -  ^_k[W$~Kp@0 ddxKE|KKG|J-   |  X XE.` hp x (#X(#E Andrews,Stuart.A>InsectsoftheHour:=Dr.Price=s>Revolutions=.@HistoryToday41  (May1991):4853.   q   XE.` hp x (#X(#E  XE.` hp x (#X(#EColumbianCentinelandMassachusettsFederalist.EarlyAmericanNewspapers,NewCanaan, =  Conn.:Readex.Microfilm3. # s   XE.` hp x (#X(#E  XE.` hp x (#X(#ECrane,ElaineForman.EbbTideinNewEngland:Women,Seaports,andSocialChange,1630  ?  1800.Boston:NortheasternUniversityPress,1998.  %    XE.` hp x (#X(#E  XE.` hp x (#X(#ECray,RobertE.,Jr.AMajorJohnAndrandtheThreeCaptors:ClassDynamicsand   RevolutionaryMemoryWarsintheEarlyRepublic,17801831.@JournaloftheEarly   Republic17(3)1997:371397.   m    XE.` hp x (#X(#E  XE.` hp x (#X(#EDavidson,CathyN.RevolutionandtheWord:TheRiseoftheNovelinAmerica.NewYork: 9  OxfordUniversityPress,1986. o   XE.` hp x (#X(#E  XE.` hp x (#X(#EInchbald,Mrs.NatureandArtLondon:G.G.andJ.Robinson,1796;reprint,NewYork: ; WoodstockBooks,1994. h  !   XE.` hp x (#X(#E  XE.` hp x (#X(#EKerber,LindaK.AWomenandIndividualisminAmericanHistory.@TheMassachusetts  Review30(Winter1989):589609.    XE.` hp x (#X(#E  XE.` hp x (#X(#EMolivas,GregoryI.ARichardPrice,theDebateonFreeWill,andNaturalRights.@Journalof O theHistoryofIdeas1997:105123.   5   XE.` hp x (#X(#E  XE.` hp x (#X(#ENorling,Lisa.AHowFroughtwithSorrowandHeartpangs@:Mariners=Wivesandthe Q IdeologyofDomesticityinNewEngland,17901880.@NewEnglandQuarterly65 7 (September1992):422446.    XE.` hp x (#X(#E  XE.` hp x (#X(#ENorton,MaryBethandRuthM.Alexander,eds.MajorProblemsinAmericanWomen=s    History,2ndEdition.Lexington,Mass.:D.C.HeathandCompany,1996. !!  X XE.` hp x (#X(#E e""  X XE.` hp x (#X(#EPrice,Richard.SermonsontheChristianDoctrineasReceivedbytheDenominationsof K## Christians.Towhichareadded,SermonsontheSecurityandHappinessofaVirtuous 1$$ Course,ontheGoodnessofGod,andtheResurrectionofLazarus.London,1787,The %g % EighteenthCenturyWoodbridge,Conn.:ResearchPublications,Inc.,1985.Microfilm %M!& 1373:3. &3"'  X XE.` hp x (#X(#E '#(  X XE.` hp x (#X(#EPark,LouisaAdams.DiaryandLetters,18001801.Women=sDiaries,SegmentI:New (#) England.AmericanAntiquarianSociety,Worcester;NewCanaan,Conn.:Readex )$* MicroprintCorporation,1984.Microfilm4. {*%+   XE.` hp x (#X(#E a+&,  hac XE.` hp x (#X(#EWeiseberger,BernardA.America   Afire:Jefferson,Adams,andtheRevolutionaryElectionof1800.NewYork:William  Morrow,2000. |  XE.` hp x (#X(#E  b  a!c! ab\ ca c  hdb   ThresholdofaCentury:   theDiaryofLouisaAdamsPark,18001801    LetitiaHall d